如何爬取Indeed.com网站数据

在本网络抓取教程中，我们将了解如何从Indeed.com抓取工作列表数据。 Indeed.com 是最受欢迎的工作列表网站之一，而且很容易抓取！在本教程中，我们将仅使用几行 Python 代码构建我们的抓取工具。我们将了解 Indeed 的搜索如何在我们的爬虫中复制它并从嵌入式 javascript 变量中提取工作数据。让我们开始吧！

项目设置

对于这个网络爬虫，我们只需要一个 HTTP 客户端库，比如httpxpip库，可以通过控制台命令安装：

$ pip install httpx

Python 中有许多 HTTP 客户端，如 requests、httpx、aiohttp 等。但是，我们推荐使用 httpx，因为它支持 http2 协议，因此最不可能被阻止。httpx还支持异步 python，这意味着我们可以非常快速地抓取数据！

寻找 Indeed 职位

首先，我们来看看如何在Indeed.com上查找职位列表。如果我们转到主页并提交搜索，我们可以看到 Indeed 将我们重定向到带有几个关键参数的搜索 URL：

https://www.indeed.com/jobs?q=python&l=Texas

因此，要在德克萨斯州找到 Python 工作，我们所要做的就是发送带有l=TexasURLq=Python参数的请求：

import httpx
HEADERS = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
    "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8",
    "Connection": "keep-alive",
    "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.9,lt;q=0.8,et;q=0.7,de;q=0.6",
}

response = httpx.get("https://www.indeed.com/jobs?q=python&l=Texas", headers=HEADERS)
print(response)

注意：如果您在此处收到响应状态代码 403，则可能是您被阻止了，请参阅下面的避免阻止部分以获取更多信息。

我们得到一个包含 15 个职位列表的页面！在我们收集剩余的页面之前，让我们看看如何从这个响应中解析职位列表数据。我们可以使用 CSS 或 XPath 选择器解析 HTML 文档，但还有一种更简单的方法：我们可以找到隐藏在 HTML 深处的所有工作列表数据作为 JSON 文档：

因此，让我们使用简单的正则表达式模式解析此数据：

import httpx
import re
import json

HEADERS = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
    "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8",
    "Connection": "keep-alive",
    "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.9,lt;q=0.8,et;q=0.7,de;q=0.6",
}


def parse_search_page(html: str):
    data = re.findall(r'window.mosaic.providerData\["mosaic-provider-jobcards"\]=(\{.+?\});', html)
    data = json.loads(data[0])
    return {
        "results": data["metaData"]["mosaicProviderJobCardsModel"]["results"],
        "meta": data["metaData"]["mosaicProviderJobCardsModel"]["tierSummaries"],
    }


response = httpx.get("https://www.indeed.com/jobs?q=python&l=Texas", headers=HEADERS)
print(parse_search_page(response.text))

在我们上面的代码中，我们使用正则表达式模式来选择mosaic-provider-jobcards变量值，将其加载为 python 字典并解析出结果和分页元数据。现在我们有了第一页结果和总页数，我们可以检索剩余的页面：

import asyncio
import json
import re
from urllib.parse import urlencode

import httpx


def parse_search_page(html: str):
    data = re.findall(r'window.mosaic.providerData\["mosaic-provider-jobcards"\]=(\{.+?\});', html)
    data = json.loads(data[0])
    return {
        "results": data["metaData"]["mosaicProviderJobCardsModel"]["results"],
        "meta": data["metaData"]["mosaicProviderJobCardsModel"]["tierSummaries"],
    }


async def scrape_search(client: httpx.AsyncClient, query: str, location: str, max_results: int = 50):
    def make_page_url(offset):
        parameters = {"q": query, "l": location, "filter": 0, "start": offset}
        return "https://www.indeed.com/jobs?" + urlencode(parameters)

    print(f"scraping first page of search: {query=}, {location=}")
    response_first_page = await client.get(make_page_url(0))
    data_first_page = parse_search_page(response_first_page.text)

    results = data_first_page["results"]
    total_results = sum(category["jobCount"] for category in data_first_page["meta"])
    # there's a page limit on indeed.com of 1000 results per search
    if total_results > max_results:
        total_results = max_results
    print(f"scraping remaining {total_results - 10 / 10} pages")
    other_pages = [make_page_url(offset) for offset in range(10, total_results + 10, 10)]
    for response in await asyncio.gather(*[client.get(url=url) for url in other_pages]):
        results.extend(parse_search_page(response.text))
    return results

运行代码和示例输出

async def main():
    # we need to use browser-like headers to avoid being blocked instantly:
    HEADERS = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36",
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
        "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8",
        "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.9,lt;q=0.8,et;q=0.7,de;q=0.6",
    }
    async with httpx.AsyncClient(headers=HEADERS) as client:
        search_data = await scrape_search(client, query="python", location="texas")
        print(json.dumps(search_data, indent=2))

asyncio.run(main())

这将导致搜索结果数据类似于：

[
    {
        "company": "Apple",
        "companyBrandingAttributes": {
            "headerImageUrl": "https://d2q79iu7y748jz.cloudfront.net/s/_headerimage/1960x400/ecdb4796986d27b654fe959e2fdac201",
            "logoUrl": "https://d2q79iu7y748jz.cloudfront.net/s/_squarelogo/256x256/86583e966849b2f081928769a6abdb09"
        },
        "companyIdEncrypted": "c1099851e9794854",
        "companyOverviewLink": "/cmp/Apple",
        "companyOverviewLinkCampaignId": "serp-linkcompanyname",
        "companyRating": 4.1,
        "companyReviewCount": 11193,
        "companyReviewLink": "/cmp/Apple/reviews",
        "companyReviewLinkCampaignId": "cmplinktst2",
        "displayTitle": "Software Quality Engineer, Apple Pay",
        "employerAssistEnabled": false,
        "employerResponsive": false,
        "encryptedFccompanyId": "6e7b40121fbb5e2f",
        "encryptedResultData": "VwIPTVJ1cTn5AN7Q-tSqGRXGNe2wB2UYx73qSczFnGU",
        "expired": false,
        "extractTrackingUrls": "https://jsv3.recruitics.com/partner/a51b8de1-f7bf-11e7-9edd-d951492604d9.gif?client=3427&rx_c=&rx_campaign=indeed16&rx_group=130795&rx_source=Indeed&job=200336736-2&rx_r=none&rx_ts=20220831T001748Z&rx_pre=1&indeed=sp",
        "extractedEntities": [],
        "fccompanyId": -1,
        "featuredCompanyAttributes": {},
        "featuredEmployer": false,
        "featuredEmployerCandidate": false,
        "feedId": 2772,
        "formattedLocation": "Austin, TX",
        "formattedRelativeTime": "Today",
        "hideMetaData": false,
        "hideSave": false,
        "highVolumeHiringModel": {
            "highVolumeHiring": false
        },
        "highlyRatedEmployer": false,
        "hiringEventJob": false,
        "indeedApplyEnabled": false,
        "indeedApplyable": false,
        "isJobSpotterJob": false,
        "isJobVisited": false,
        "isMobileThirdPartyApplyable": true,
        "isNoResumeJob": false,
        "isSubsidiaryJob": false,
        "jobCardRequirementsModel": {
            "additionalRequirementsCount": 0,
            "requirementsHeaderShown": false
        },
        "jobLocationCity": "Austin",
        "jobLocationState": "TX",
        "jobTypes": [],
        "jobkey": "5b47456ae8554711",
        "jsiEnabled": false,
        "locationCount": 0,
        "mobtk": "1gbpe4pcikib6800",
        "moreLocUrl": "",
        "newJob": true,
        "normTitle": "Software Quality Engineer",
        "openInterviewsInterviewsOnTheSpot": false,
        "openInterviewsJob": false,
        "openInterviewsOffersOnTheSpot": false,
        "openInterviewsPhoneJob": false,
        "overrideIndeedApplyText": true,
        "preciseLocationModel": {
            "obfuscateLocation": false,
            "overrideJCMPreciseLocationModel": true
        },
        "pubDate": 1661835600000,
        "redirectToThirdPartySite": false,
        "remoteLocation": false,
        "resumeMatch": false,
        "salarySnippet": {
            "salaryTextFormatted": false
        },
        "saved": false,
        "savedApplication": false,
        "showCommutePromo": false,
        "showEarlyApply": false,
        "showJobType": false,
        "showRelativeDate": true,
        "showSponsoredLabel": false,
        "showStrongerAppliedLabel": false,
        "smartFillEnabled": false,
        "snippet": "<ul style=\"list-style-type:circle;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding-left:20px;\"> \n <li style=\"margin-bottom:0px;\">At Apple, new ideas become extraordinary products, services, and customer experiences.</li>\n <li>We have the rare and rewarding opportunity to shape upcoming products\u2026</li>\n</ul>",
        "sourceId": 2700,
        "sponsored": true,
        "taxoAttributes": [],
        "taxoAttributesDisplayLimit": 5,
        "taxoLogAttributes": [],
        "taxonomyAttributes": [ { "attributes": [], "label": "job-types" }, "..."],
        "tier": {
            "matchedPreferences": {
                "longMatchedPreferences": [],
                "stringMatchedPreferences": []
            },
            "type": "DEFAULT"
        },
        "title": "Software Quality Engineer, Apple Pay",
        "translatedAttributes": [],
        "translatedCmiJobTags": [],
        "truncatedCompany": "Apple",
        "urgentlyHiring": false,
        "viewJobLink": "...",
        "vjFeaturedEmployerCandidate": false
    },
]

我们已经用很少的几行 Python 代码成功地抓取了海量数据！接下来，让我们看看如何通过抓取职位页面来获取职位列表的其余详细信息（如完整描述）。

抓取 Indeed 职位

我们的搜索结果包含几乎所有的工作列表数据，除了一些细节，例如完整的工作描述。要抓取这个，我们需要工作 ID，它可以在jobkey我们搜索结果的字段中找到：

{
  "jobkey": "a82cf0bd2092efa3",
}

使用jobkey我们可以请求完整的工作详细信息页面，就像搜索一样；我们可以解析嵌入的数据而不是 HTML：

我们可以看到所有的工作和页面信息都隐藏在变量中_initialData，我们可以用一个简单的正则表达式模式提取它：

import re
import json
import asyncio 
from typing import List

import httpx


def parse_job_page(html):
    """parse job data from job listing page"""
    data = re.findall(r"_initialData=(\{.+?\});", html)
    data = json.loads(data[0])
    return data["jobInfoWrapperModel"]["jobInfoModel"]


async def scrape_jobs(client: httpx.AsyncClient, job_keys: List[str]):
    """scrape job details from job page for given job keys"""
    urls = [f"https://www.indeed.com/m/basecamp/viewjob?viewtype=embedded&jk={job_key}" for job_key in job_keys]
    scraped = []
    for response in await asyncio.gather(*[client.get(url=url) for url in urls]):
        scraped.append(parse_job_page(response.text))
    return scraped

运行代码和示例输出

async def main():
    HEADERS = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36",
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
        "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8",
        "Connection": "keep-alive",
        "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.9,lt;q=0.8,et;q=0.7,de;q=0.6",
    }
    async with httpx.AsyncClient(headers=HEADERS) as client:
        job_data = await scrape_jobs(client, ["a82cf0bd2092efa3"])
        print(job_data[0]['sanitizedJobDescription']['content'])
        print(job_data)

asyncio.run(main())

这将抓取类似于以下内容的结果：

[
    {
        "jobInfoHeaderModel": {
            "...",
            "companyName": "ExxonMobil",
            "companyOverviewLink": "https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Exxonmobil?campaignid=mobvjcmp&from=mobviewjob&tk=1gbpekba3is92800&fromjk=9dacdef3068a1d25",
            "companyReviewLink": "https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Exxonmobil/reviews?campaignid=mobvjcmp&cmpratingc=mobviewjob&from=mobviewjob&tk=1gbpekba3is92800&fromjk=9dacdef3068a1d25&jt=Geoscience+Technician",
            "companyReviewModel": {
                "companyName": "ExxonMobil",
                "desktopCompanyLink": "https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Exxonmobil/reviews?campaignid=viewjob&cmpratingc=mobviewjob&from=viewjob&tk=1gbpekba3is92800&fromjk=9dacdef3068a1d25&jt=Geoscience+Technician",
                "mobileCompanyLink": "https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Exxonmobil/reviews?campaignid=mobvjcmp&cmpratingc=mobviewjob&from=mobviewjob&tk=1gbpekba3is92800&fromjk=9dacdef3068a1d25&jt=Geoscience+Technician",
                "ratingsModel": {
                    "ariaContent": "3.9 out of 5 stars from 4,649 employee ratings",
                    "count": 4649,
                    "countContent": "4,649 reviews",
                    "descriptionContent": "Read what people are saying about working here.",
                    "rating": 3.9,
                    "showCount": true,
                    "showDescription": true,
                    "size": null
                }
            },
            "disableAcmeLink": false,
            "employerActivity": null,
            "employerResponsiveCardModel": null,
            "formattedLocation": "Spring, TX 77389",
            "hideRating": false,
            "isDesktopApplyButtonSticky": false,
            "isSimplifiedHeader": false,
            "jobTitle": "Geoscience Technician",
            "openCompanyLinksInNewTab": false,
            "parentCompanyName": null,
            "preciseLocationModel": null,
            "ratingsModel": null,
            "remoteWorkModel": null,
            "subtitle": "ExxonMobil - Spring, TX 77389",
            "tagModels": null,
            "viewJobDisplay": "DESKTOP_EMBEDDED"
        },
        "sanitizedJobDescription": {
            "content": "<p></p>\n<div>\n <div>\n  <div>\n   <div>\n    <h2 class='\"jobSectionHeader\"'><b>Education and Related Experience</b></h2>\n   </div>\n   <div>\n  ...",
            "contentKind": "HTML"
        },
        "viewJobDisplay": "DESKTOP_EMBEDDED"
    }
]

如果我们运行这个爬虫，我们应该看到完整的工作描述被打印出来。

Indeed 爬取总结

在这个简短的网络抓取教程中，我们了解了网络抓取Indeed.com职位列表搜索。我们使用自定义搜索参数构建了一个搜索 URL，并使用正则表达式从嵌入的 JSON 数据中解析了职位数据。

如何爬取Indeed.com网站数据

项目设置

寻找 Indeed 职位

抓取 Indeed 职位

Indeed 爬取总结

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